Mavi Boncuk |
Metin Erksan[3] continued his work on periodizing our cinema history and in his article titled “The 100th Year of Cinema” in the Cumhuriyet newspaper dated June 11, 1994, he made a proposal for 10 periods that took into account historical events that indisputably affected society and art:
1.
1895-1923 (October 29, 1923-The Republic of Turkey was founded)
2. 1923-1932
(July 19, 1932-“Regulation on the Censorship of Motion Pictures” entered into
force)
3. 1932-1939 (“Regulation on the Censorship of Films and Film Scenarios”
dated July 9, 1939 and numbered 2/11551, made in accordance with Article 6 of
the “Police Duties and Powers Law” dated July 14, 1934 and numbered 2559,
entered into force) (II. World War II began)
4. 1939-1945 (World War II ended)
(Multi-party period began)
5. 1945-1950 (May 14, 1950 elections)
6. 1950-1960
(May 27, 1960 revolution)
7. 1960-1971 (March 12, 1971 Army Memorandum)
8.
1971-1980 (September 12, 1980 Army Administration)
9. 1980-1986 (February 7,
1986 - Law No. 3257 on ‘Cinema, Video and Musical Works’ entered into force)
10. 1986-1994 (Continuing period)
As can be seen, Metin Erksan[3] starts the history of Turkish cinema from 1895 and while dividing it into periods, he bases it on changes that will indisputably affect the whole of society and artistic activities and justifies it. In his article titled 100th Year of Cinema dated 1994, Metin Erksan emphasizes and complains that a Turkish cinema history book based on scientific research and information has not yet been written. Erksan, who defends the necessity of criticism, methodology, theoreticality and dialectical thought for historiography, points out that history cannot be constructed and read with a national identity based on race, that history cannot be grasped as a phenomenon that has no precedent, and that it should be evaluated more as a flow and process.
In general, the same periods were repeated in similar forms in other books:
1- The Early Years / Ottoman Period
2- Theater Players / Muhsin Ertuğrul
Period
3- Intermediate Period / Transition Period
4- 1950-70 Filmmakers Period
5- After 70 / Contrast (Karşıtlıklar) Period
6- After 80 / Coup Period
7- After 90s
8- New
Turkish Cinema
Another Periodi classification is by Rıdvan ŞENTÜRK
Source: The Periodization Problem in Writing The Turkish Cinema History Prof. Dr. Rıdvan ŞENTÜRK
Classical/Analog Period:
1896-1922: First Period (The introduction of cinema to the Turkish/Ottoman geography and its development process).
1923-1927: Second Period (Proclamation of the Republic, revolutions in clothing, art, education, culture and law).
1928-1938: Third Period (Alphabet and language revolution, prohibition of teaching Turkish music in schools and broadcasting on the radio, declaration of the Regulation on Censorship of Motion Pictures, transition to the sound film era).
1939-1949: Fourth Period (Proclamation of the Regulation on Censorship of Films and Film Scripts, beginning and end of World War II, attempts to transition to a multi-party system).
1950-1959: 5th Period (1950 elections, implementation of the multi-party system, changes in social and cultural policies, increasing urbanization rate, transition to color film era).
1960-1969: 6th Period (1960 coup, changes in social and cultural policies, acceleration of urbanization process, transfer of radio broadcasts to TRT, start of television broadcasts).
1970-1979: 7th Period (1971 Army Memorandum, increasing ideological polarization, civil war environment, transition to uninterrupted television broadcasts, spread of arabesque music culture).
1980-1989: 8th Period (1980 coup, reduction of the tax collected from foreign films from 50% to 25%, enactment of the law foreseeing an increase from 0% to 25% on domestic films and the Law on Cinema, Video and Musical Works, liberalization in social, economic and cultural policies, acceleration of the urbanization process, beginning and acceleration of separatist terrorist incidents).
1990-1999: 9th Period (acceleration of the liberalization process in social, economic and cultural policies, acceleration of the urbanization process, establishment of private television channels, increase in separatist terrorist incidents, February 28 intervention, widespread use of video/DVD technology, beginning of use of the internet).
Digital Period:
2000-2009: Period 1 (Transition to digitalization in cinema, economic crisis, continuing liberalization process in social, economic and cultural policies, increasing separatist terrorist incidents, increasing number of private channels, widespread use of satellite and cable TV broadcasting, widespread use of the internet, continued widespread use of DVD technology, revival of television series sector, widespread use of mobile phones, tablets and laptop computers, emergence of small and easily portable digital film and photo cameras).
2010- 2019: 2nd Period (DVD technology weakening, satellite and cable TV broadcasting, internet, mobile phones, tablet and laptop computer usage continuing to spread, small and easily portable digital film and photo cameras becoming more affordable and widespread, television series sector developing further and showing export success abroad, separatist terrorist incidents continuing to increase, civil wars and occupations in Turkey's immediate vicinity and North African countries, July 16 coup attempt, transition to presidential system).
2020- Ongoing Period
[**] Nijat Özön (December 25, 1927, Istanbul - December 15, 2010, Ankara) is a Turkish cinema critic and theorist, translator, and linguist. Özön, who published the first periodical about cinema in Turkey, also wrote the first cinema encyclopedia.
[3] (İsmail) Metin Erksan (1 January 1929 – 4 August 2012) was a Turkish film director and art historian.
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